Newspaper: Final Index

1) Newspaper: Introduction

2) Newspaper: Daily Mirror - Language and Representations

3) Newspaper: Daily Mirror - Audience and Industries

4) Newspaper: The Times - Introduction

Newspaper: The Times - Introduction

1) What year was The Times founded and when did it start using the Times name?

The Times was founded in 1785 under the name 'The Daily Universal Register,' changing its name to The Times on the 1st of January 1788.

2) What content did John Walter suggest the paper would offer in the first edition?

John Walter suggested the paper would offer "something suited to every palate," including hard news often covered by most broadsheets, such as politics, foreign affairs, trade, legal trials, advertisements, alongside more light-hearted "amusements."

3) What does the page say about the political views in The Times? 

The page says that political views in The Times are covered with respectful "fair argument," as the newspaper reserves the right to "censure or applaud either [political party]". It also discusses the integrity and honesty behind their political views, namely through how they supported both New Labour and the Conservatives in recent times. They are self-labelled as being "without bias," providing unique insight into politics.

4) Who owns The Times today and how is editorial integrity protected?

Today, The Times is owned by News UK under Rupert Murdoch, who bought the newspaper in 1981. They protect editorial integrity by featuring columnists from all areas of the political spectrum, ensuring that no political ideology is favoured over another.

5) What did The Times introduce in 2010 and why?

In 2010, The Times introduced multiple new announcements. For example, they launched the iPad edition in late May, allowing them to target a broader audience. Furthermore, they introduced a paywall on both The Times and The Sunday Times websites, announcing charges for paid-only content in order to increase profit. This is perhaps related to the general decrease in popularity of print across the world, meaning that newspaper companies potentially needed to find more ways to increase the money they gained as physical copies were being bought much less.

6) What was The Times named in 2018 by the Reuters Institute for Journalism at Oxford University?

In 2018, The Times was named 'Britain's most trusted national newspaper' by the Reuters Institute for Journalism at Oxford University, paralleling the general public's belief that The Times is overall an unbiased newspaper that presents political news in a fair light.

7) What does the section on Editorial Standards say about The Times and newspaper regulation?

In the section on Editorial Standards, it states that the company takes complaints about editorial content seriously, and that they are committed to abiding by the regulations held by the Independent Press Standards Organisations (Ipso) and the Editors' Code of Practice that they enforce, including clauses on accuracy, privacy, harassment, etc.

8) What does the section on Ownership say about The Times and who is the current editor? 

The section on Ownership states that the Times is currently published by Times Media Limited, a subsidiary under News UK & Ireland Ltd., which itself s owned by News Corp, a "global diversified media business," who perhaps aid in the editing process.

Newspaper: Daily Mirror - Audience and Industries

Audience

1) What is the Daily Mirror's audience? List the key statistics here.

The Daily Mirror's audience is comprised of mostly older people, with almost half of their audience being aged over 65 years old. Most readers are of NRS social grades C1, C2 or DE, making them mostly working class. They are likely to be in the Struggler, Resigned or Mainstreamer groups in Young and Rubicam's Psychographics.

2) Why do the Mirror stories on the CSP pages appeal to the Daily Mirror audience?

The CSP's stories concerning the Post Office scandal might appeal to Daily Mirror audiences as it affects an extremely large percentage of them, given that most of the Daily Mirror's audience is working class and so will be affected by Post Office issues. Members of the audience in the psychographic group of the Struggler are also likely to be affected by the scandal. Furthermore, the Daily Mirror's audience is mostly comprised of politically left-leaning people, who are more likely to engage with the Post Office scandal story given that it is closely tied to the Conservative Party in the UK.

3) Why might a reader enjoy the Daily Mirror? Use Blumler & Katz Uses and Gratifications theory to add detail to your answer.

A reader might enjoy the Daily Mirror as it provides information, through keeping audiences up to date on current events, world affairs and the opinions of people around them. Moreover, the Daily Mirror also provides readers with diversion / entertainment, as it is a tabloid and so often covers soft news such as celebrity gossip, providing readers with a sense of escapism for the struggles they face in life. Finally, a reader may enjoy the Daily Mirror due to their personal identity or personal relationships: a reader may be politically aligned with the Daily Mirror's progressive ethos, or they may trust the journalist / writer behind the newspaper issues that they read.

4) Why are print newspapers generally read by older audiences?

Print newspapers are generally read by older audiences as they are typically less familiar with technology and the internet, and will use newspapers as a means of keeping up to date with the world around them. Younger generations who are born into an already technologically-dense world are often more familiar with the internet and will therefore use it for news over physical print media.

5) How are the CSP pages constructed to appeal to Daily Mirror readers? Think about text and selection of images.

The CSP pages are constructed to appeal to Daily Mirror readers as they utilise a scandal-based main splash head to entice and attract their audience, alongside a large main image of the company name Fujitsu to encourage those already familiar with the scandal to read the newspaper. This main image immediately paints Fujitsu as the villain (Propp's Character Theory), attracting the Daily Mirror's working class audience who will side with the subpostmasters affected by the Post Office scandal.

Industries

1) What company owns the Daily Mirror and why are they struggling? 

The Daily Mirror is owned by Reach PLC, formerly known as Trinity Mirror from 1999 - 2018, a British newspaper, magazine and digital publisher who owns and published over 240 regional newspapers, in addition the Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror, etc. They are struggling due to the general decrease in popularity of print media, as a result of the growth of the internet and its accessibility and cost-free nature in comparison to newspapers. This decline has led to a drastic decrease in circulation, from over 3 million a day in 1990 to around 200,000 a day in recent times.

2) Who was the Daily Mirror editor between 2018 and 2024 and what was the Partygate scandal that the Daily Mirror exposed?  

The editor Alison Phillips, who was the Daily Mirror's first female editor since 1903, was announced to be leaving the newspaper after more budget cuts at Reach. She wrote the Partygate scandal that brought down the Prime Minister Boris Johnson, a scandal where parties took place in 10 Downing Street despite restrictions placed during lockdown.

3) What is the Daily Mirror's circulation? How many papers did the Daily Mirror used to sell back in the 1990s?

The Daily Mirror's circulation now is 200,000 a day, despite previously being over 3 million a day in 1990.

4) How has the Daily Mirror reacted to the decline in print sales and the growth of the internet?

The Daily Mirror reacted to the decline in print sales by creating the mirror.co.uk website, alongside social media accounts on major sites. This means that the Daily Mirror synchronises itself across print, desktop and mobile platforms, providing their online content for free (without a paywall) - this allows them to make money from advertising, despite this being a very small amount of money. Furthermore, the Daily Mirror now creates news-based content that updates regularly and is shared on social media channels, including a wide variety of video content which encourages audience engagement.

5) List five of Galtung & Ruge's News Values and explain how they link to the stories in our CSP edition of the Daily Mirror.

• Immediacy: Links to the Daily Mirror being a newspaper published everyday
• Amplitude: The extremely large amount of people affected by the Post Office scandal
• Familiarity: The scandal occurs in Britain and affects people within the country
• Continuity: This scandal has shown in the news before, but has been re-covered
• Negativity: The Post Office scandal is an extremely negative story, engaging audiences

Newspaper: Daily Mirror - Language and Representations

Language

1) Write the definition of the following key language for newspaper front pages (you may want to add an example for each from our Daily Mirror CSP):

Masthead: the title block of the newspaper

Pug: something to catch the reader's eye

Splash Head: the lead story

Slogan: sums up the ethos (values, beliefs) of the newspaper

Dateline: date newspaper was published

Byline: gives the name of journalist / writer

Standfirst: introductory paragraph usually in bold

2) What is the main story on the CSP edition of the Daily Mirror (see above)? Make sure you learn the headline and what the story is about.

The British Post Office scandal involved the Post Office wrongfully persecuting thousands of innocent subpostmasters (someone who runs an independent Post Office branch for the company) for fake financial issues, caused by bugs / glitches in Horizon, an accounting software system developed by Fujitsu. As a result, Paula Vennells, who was the CEO of the Post Office, relinquished her CBE.

3) What is the 'pug' or smaller celebrity story on the front cover? Why might it appeal to Daily Mirror readers?

The 'pug' is usually something to catch the reader's eye. On the front cover, it reads "EXCLUSIVE: POST OFFICE SCANDAL" - this would appeal to Daily Mirror readers through the word "exclusive," which implies that the Daily Mirror is the only source of this information on the scandal. The bright red text is also extremely vivid and eye-catching in order to draw attention, and has connotations of drama and evil (in relation to how the scandal affected the lives of innocent people.) The smaller story is equally scandalous and therefore furthers readers' intrigue and interest.

4) Why is the choice of news stories, content and page design on the Mirror CSP front page typical of a tabloid newspaper?

Tabloid newspapers usually have a lot less text and are comprised mainly of images, mirroring the front cover of the Daily Mirror, as much of the space on the page is taken up by the main image rather than the text. Moreover, tabloid newspapers usually have a quite vivid colour scheme, further mirroring the usage of red and yellow on the front cover. The news stories blur the line between entertainment and information, combining soft news ("Eagle on ice" - ice skating story) with hard news (business and political affairs), paralleling the common presentation of soft news in tabloid newspapers.

5) What is the balance on the Daily Mirror front page between images, headlines and text?

Headlines and images are extremely large whereas text is significantly smaller, in order to emphasise the Daily Mirror as being a tabloid newspaper and increase accessibility and approachability for their audience.

Representations

1) What political party does the Daily Mirror support? Is there any evidence to support this in the CSP pages we have studied?

The Daily Mirror support the Labour party as they are left-leaning. This is solidified through their usage of the word 'Tories' in the double-page spread (a nickname used by the left against the Conservative party). Furthermore, the column of text on the left of the double-page spread exemplifies Labour's opposition to the scandal, especially through the inclusion of an emotive quote from a Labour MP where the scandal is clearly disapproved of.

2) How does the Daily Mirror represent the Post Office in the CSP pages? Why do you think they present them in this way?

The Daily Mirror represents the Post Office as incompetent and targeting innocent victims in order to draw sympathy from their audience, and to further emphasise the left-leaning ethos of the newspaper.

3) How is Fujitsu represented in the Daily Mirror CSP pages? Look particularly at the use of images on the front cover and the section on Fujitsu on the inside page. Give detailed answers with evidence from the CSP pages.

Fujitsu is also similarly represented as incompetent and perhaps even evil - the large image on the front cover highlights their involvement in destroying the lives of innocent people. Moreover, the inclusion of their company name on the double-page spread in "The Fujitsu Files" is used to link the brand's visual identity to the scandal, and, through the sci-fi connotations of the typography and the word "files" (relating to the 'X-files'), perhaps even representing them as an evil corporation, mimicking the common representation of villains in science fiction narratives.

4) How are the Conservative Party represented in the Daily Mirror? Again, provide evidence from the CSP pages to support your answers.

The Conservative Party are represented as being involved in / having a significant part in this scandal through the inclusion of easily recognisable party members (e.g. Rishi Sunak) in the boxes on the left-hand-side. with each box discussing a different aspect of the scandal. Moreover, the Daily Mirror shows clear opposition to the Conservative Party through their usage of the word 'Tories,' a nickname often used by those on the left in order to patronise / demean members and supporters of the Conservative Party alike.

5) Read the main articles on the inside pages. How are different people, groups and organisations represented in the Daily Mirror? Does this reinforce or subvert the stereotypes we usually see in the media?

In the main article, Fujitsu and the Conservatives are represented as having a large part in the scandal / being one of the main factors towards it happening in the first place. This is illustrated mainly through the smug / happy representation of Simon Blagden OBE, who was the former non-exec chairman of Fujitsu, and who gained a government position through large donations. This is because this representation, emphasised through his smile, folded arms and confident posture, exemplifies the notion that Fujitsu and the Conservative party are not taking this scandal seriously / are perhaps even happy it occurred. Conversely, the Labour Party are highlighted as being in opposition to the scandal through the separate column on the left-hand side of the double-page spread; this is mostly illustrated through the inclusion of a quote - "This is astounding - a kick in the teeth for victims." This emotive quote showcases a Labour MP clearly stating that this scandal is an issue, highlighting the Labour Party as being sympathetic towards the victims, while also highlighting the Conservative Party as being complacent with the scandal at the same time. This reinforces stereotypes usually seen in the media.

Newspaper: Introduction

1) What type of news can you typically find in a tabloid newspaper?

Soft news: News that leans heavily towards celebrity gossip, combining information and entertainment.

2) What type of news can you typically find in a broadsheet newspaper?

Hard news: Information on topics like business, politics and international affairs.

3) If someone is left-wing, which political party in the UK are they most likely to support? Which newspapers would they be likely to read?

Left-wing people are more likely to support the Labour Party, and would read left-leaning newspapers such as the Daily Mirror.

4) If someone is right-wing, which political party in the UK are they most likely to support? Which newspaper would they be most likely to read?

Right-wing people are more likely to support the Conservative Party, and would read right-leaning newspapers such as the Times.

5) Why has there been a decline in newspaper sales in the last 50 years?

As society becomes more technologically advanced and digitised, the news has generally shifted to become much more digital through websites and social media. Moreover, the rise of TV ownership and news programmes has also caused newspaper sales to decline.

6) Why is a free press important in a democracy like the UK?

Free press is important as it means that journalists and newspaper editors can edit content free from government influence - free press is part of being a democracy, as restricting their freedom means that the government can hold power over and influence decisions made by the general public.

December Mock LR

1) Type up any feedback on your paper (you don't need to write the mark and grade if you want to keep this confidential). If you only have marks and a grade on the paper, write a WWW/Next Steps yourself based on your scores.

Mark: 73/84 // Grade: 9 

EBIs:  

• 1.3) Consider the power dynamic that is established and how this is done.
• 1.4) Consider the way Lyra gives up her independence willingly, losing one of her subverting characteristics.
• 2) Consider some of the less capable moments in His Dark Materials, showing that adults are perhaps somewhat needed.
• 4) Consider the potential propping up of influencers from brands that they are intended to promote (is it that the influencer is influential or the brand is influential)?
• 5) Contrast some of your initial ideas with a need for freedom of speech. Who decides what is okay to post/say? 

2) Use the mark scheme for this Paper 2 mock (posted on GC) to read the answers AQA were looking for. First, write down a definition and example of non-diegetic sound (Q1.1 and 1.2). 

1.1) Non-diegetic sound is sound that is not made or heard by the characters.

1.2) One example is a stinger that adds energy or sets tone. 

3) Next, identify three points you could have made in Q1.3 - camerawork and the extract. Look for the indicative content in the mark scheme - these are the suggested answers from AQA.

• Camera angle is used in an interesting way in the extract. Will is often shown from a low angle which should suggest power or dominance. However, his expression and body language is very timid so in fact seems to further emphasise Lyra’s confidence. When Lyra is sitting at the table, the camera is deliberately placed at Lyra’s level so she is not presented as weak or vulnerable.
• Will’s suggestion that they work together is made while Lyra is shown in a medium close-up over-the-shoulder shot. This allows the audience to see her reaction – a slight smile that suggests she is in favour of the suggestion and grateful to have an ally after a lot of time alone.
• When Lyra takes Will’s bed, a medium shot of Will allows the audience to see his helpless body language and expression to show that he is not particularly happy with the situation but recognises Lyra is a force of nature and he has no hope of challenging her.

4) Now look at Q1.4 in the mark scheme - pick out two points from the mark scheme that you could have included in your answer.

• However, there is perhaps one exception to this when Will suggests that they work together. Lyra is shown responding with a slight smile that suggests she is in favour of them teaming up and perhaps therefore removes a little of her independence.
• Will’s expression and body language is very timid which subverts masculine stereotypes. In contrast, Lyra’s movements and expressions exude confidence. This can be seen in the extract both outside at the table and later when discussing which beds they will take.

5) Look at Q2 - the 20-mark essay on representations of age and social and cultural contexts. Pick out three points from the mark scheme that you didn't include in your answer.

• Media representations of teens/young adults usually identify this group by their attitudes, behaviour, language, clothing and music. There are many negative stereotypes of teenagers in television drama in which characteristics such as laziness, anti-social behaviour, inability to concentrate and self-indulgence are portrayed as ‘typical’.
• Susan is a stereotypical loner. Although she claims to like the school, she is not seen to engage with other pupils and they laugh at her mistakes (e.g. re decimal currency).
• As with many modern representations of teenagers, HDM suggests stronger ties to friends than to families. Lyra’s attitude towards her friends in contrast to her mother Mrs Coulter is a good example of this. Older characters are viewed with suspicion.

6) Turning your attention to Section B, write a definition and example of user-generated content - use the mark scheme to check it.

3.1) User-generated content consists of posts and media created by users of a platform.

3.2) One example is a post on Twitter / X.

7) Look at Q4 - the 20-mark essay on the power of influencers. Pick out three points from the mark scheme that you didn't include in your own answer. 

• Marcus Rashford’s Instagram engagement rate of 6% is exceptionally high. With more than 15m followers on Instagram this means an incredible number of ‘likes’ and ‘comments’ on his post. This boosts Rashford’s power and influence – and makes him even more appealing for mainstream brands and commercial partners.
• Even Marcus Rashford is not immune to criticism however. He has been accused of being too political and fans and critics have told him to ‘stick to football’. His recent website rebrand put a much bigger emphasis on his football career with a homepage dominated by animated GIFs of his notable goals and football achievements. The reduction in content that focused on his fashion shoots, celebrity lifestyle or volunteering suggests that celebrities are not all-powerful and are still subject to public opinion and criticism.
• Some media theorists have suggested that in the digital age it is audiences that have the power rather than companies, industries or traditional celebrities. Social media and YouTube levels the playing field and gives ordinary people the chance to create and share content. This would suggest that celebrities and influencers do not have more power than ever before and in fact the internet is a democratising force giving power to normal people.

8) Now look at Q5 - the 20-mark essay on regulation and the internet. Again, pick out three points from the mark scheme that you didn't include in your own answer.

• Open access to the internet and the freedom to express opinions and challenge those of others have become essential to a functioning pluralist democracy.
• The video game industry makes a significant economic contribution which could be curtailed if tighter regulations and controls were introduced.
• If regulations become more severe, the opportunities for self-expression, personal creativity and the ability to explore and perform identities would be harmed – users would be fearful of prison, fines or other forms of retribution.

9) On a scale of 1-10 (1 = low, 10 = high), how much revision and preparation did you do for your Media mock exam? Be honest here - it's a good chance to think about how to approach the next set of mock exams.

5 - I did some flashcard revision on Seneca and watched YouTube videos about the CSPs.

10) List three key things you want to revise before the next mock exams in February (e.g. particular CSPs, terminology, exam technique etc.)

• Statistics concerning Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian's online presence
• Music Video: Blackpink and the Arctic Monkeys
• Key Industry concepts, e.g. vertical/horizontal integration

OSP: Rashford & Kardashian - Audience & Industry

 Audience

1) Who are the potential target audiences for Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian's online content? Try and cover both demographics and psychographics.

Marcus Rashford: C2DE social grades as he targets a working-class audience through his poverty and food campaigning. The 'reformer' or the 'struggler' as he aids those who are less fortunate and are going through difficult times.

Kim Kardashian: C1C2D social grades as she targets a mainstream audience through reality TV and lifestyle content, and therefore also the 'mainstreamer.' However, she also targets audiences of AB social grades through her appealing to consumers who follow high-end fashion and beauty trends, and therefore she also targets the 'aspirer' for the same reason.

2) Marcus Rashford’s online presence is partly driven by his excellent use of social media. How does he use social media to engage with his fans and make them feel part of his brand?

Marcus Rashford uses social media to promote his football career and quote retweeting of brand promotions. He also occasionally replies to fans, however, his presence is less apparent as of now - he has historically used his social media platforms extensively to highlight issues like child food poverty, but these types of posts are over time being seen less and less.

3) What is Instagram engagement rate and what engagement rates do Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian have? 

Instagram engagement rate acts as a measure of how much audiences engage with posts through interaction (likes, comments, etc). Marcus Rashford previously had an engagement rate of 6% at, which has recently dropped to 3.2% at 11 million followers, following his re-focus into football and boost in followers. Kim Kardashian's engagement rate is much lower at 0.33%, however, she has around 350 million followers, allowing her to reach a huge audience. An engagement rate of 1-3% is considered good, and 6+% is extremely high.

4) Go to Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian's X or Instagram account. Find and screenshot/link three posts that show the different aspects of their brand e.g. Relatable person (normal, down to earth), Campaigner (interested in politics), Celebrity (e.g. awards ceremony or fashion), Brand promotion (e.g. selling a product).

Kim Kardashian:

Sexualised / Objectified aspect (extremely low-cut clothing)
 

Celebrity (appearance on Vogue magazine)

Relatable (delving into streamer culture, outside of upper-class / fashionista / celebrity representation)

Marcus Rashford:

Footballer / Athlete

Relatable 

Celebrity (Brand promotion)

5) What audience pleasures are provided by Marcus Rashford's online presence? What about Kim Kardashian? Try and apply Blumler and Katz's Uses and Gratifications theory here. 

Marcus Rashford:

• Personal Identity: Rashford's entire campaign is centred around his own personal identity of growing up in poverty in a single-parent household, connecting to audiences going through similar situations to his own. He also connects with Black audiences through his own celebration of his heritage.
• Personal Relationships: Rashford builds relationships with audiences through inspirational posts and the premise of his campaign, which connects him to people.
• Surveillance: Rashford provides information on current events concerning his campaigning, such as the state of free school meals, etc.

Kim Kardashian:

• Personal Identity: Although she isn't actually a vegan, she uses her identity as someone on a mostly plant-based diet to promote herself (Beyond Meat), catering towards vegan/vegetarian audiences.
• Personal Relationships: Kim Kardashian builds personal relationships with fans through the 'male gaze' theory - much of her online presence sexualises and objectifies her (e.g. her Kardashian Kloset website builds an obsession around her items of clothing), catering to a largely male audience and building an almost obsessive parasocial relationship.

6) Applying Stuart Hall's Reception theory, what would a preferred and oppositional reading of Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian's online presence be?

Preferred reading (people who support Rashford/Kardashian): 

"Rashford is a good person because of his political campaigning - he is heavily aiding the working-class in terms of food and poverty. Kardashian is a high-class celebrity presence - her businesses are innovative and she dictates the latest fashion trends."

Oppositional reading (people who criticise Rashford/Kardashian): 

"Rashford's political campaigning is less impactful now considering his complete shift back into football. Kardashian heavily sexualises herself and encourages a sexualised view of women in general."

 

Industries

1) What is Marcus Rashford and Kim Kardashian's net worth and how does their online presence help them to make money? 

Marcus Rashford has an estimated net worth of £16 million - he gains money through endorsement deals (e.g. £2m from Nike) and weekly money from being in Manchester United (£300,000 per week, £15.6m per year).

Kim Kardashian has an estimated net worth of $1.7 billion - she gains money through 'The Kardashians' TV show on Hulu and her multiple brands (SKIMS, SKKY Partners).

2) What companies/brands are Rashford and Kardashian associated with? Why might they want to be linked to those celebrities?

Rashford is linked to: Nike, Burberry, Jaguar Land Rover, Coca-Cola among other brands. They might want to be connected to him due to his reputation of a 'working-class hero' gained through his campaigning in food poverty.

Kardashian owns SKIMS and SKKY Partners, and she has been associated with a huge amount of brands, such as BeyondMeat. They might want to be connected to her due to her high-profile presence and popularity, making her extremely influential and allow companies to better market themselves. 

3) Research Twitter/X and Instagram. Who owns the companies, how do they make money and how much profit did they make last year?

Twitter/X:

• Twitter was started by Jack Dorsey in 2006.
• Twitter’s revenue is around $3 billion. 
• Marcus Rashford has 7m X followers, Kim Kardashian 75m.
• In 2022 Elon Musk bought Twitter for $44 Billion, and he has since added controversial new features and renamed it X.

Instagram:

• Instagram is an image and video sharing site launched in 2010. 
• In 2012 it was bought by Facebook for $1 billion. Both are now under a conglomerate called Meta.
• Instagram's revenue in 2023 was $61 billion.
• Marcus Rashford has over 17m Instagram followers, Kim Kardashian 350m.

4) What are the worries about Instagram’s negative effects?

Instagram is seen as damaging to mental health, particularly towards teenage girls. Facebook's own research into Instagram suggested one in three girls felt bad about their bodies and Instagram made this worse, and it is also linked to increased anxiety and depression.

5) How do social media platforms manage online abuse on their platforms and why has Marcus Rashford drawn attention to this? How might this change in the future?

Social media platforms are regulated by Ofcom, who introduced the online safety bill in order to try and prevent threatening posts, and users seeing harmful material. Rashford has drawn attention to this as he receives extreme racial online abuse due to events in his football career - he has drawn attention to why online abuse is such a large issue. This might change in the future as more regulations are implemented by Ofcom.

6) What happened by law in 2022 that changed the way the internet is regulated? Write three changes that this new law may bring in and explain why it is difficult to regulate the internet.

In 2022, the law was changed by the introduction of the Online Safety Bill (carried over in Parliament in April 2022.) It has introduced: enhanced protection for children, stricter rules on illegal content, and more user power to filter the content that they see.

It is extremely difficult to regulate the internet given that it is global, yet governments are only national. Furthermore, any user can publish almost anything instantly - it is impossible to filter this as it is being published, so it must be filtered afterward.